Thromboembolism in patients with high-grade glioma.

OBJECTIVE To identify factors related to increased or decreased risk of thromboembolism (TE) in patients with high-grade glioma. DESIGN We performed a retrospective analysis of 64 patients enrolled in two prospective clinical trials of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma. MATERIAL AND METHODS The 64 patients were 18 years of age or older and had histologically confirmed grade 3 or 4 astrocytoma, mixed astrocytoma-oligodendroglioma, or gliosarcoma. The diagnosis of TE was confirmed by impedance plethysmography, venography, duplex ultrasonography, ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, or pulmonary angiography. For statistical analysis, the study group was divided into those with and those without TE. RESULTS TE developed in 18 of the 64 patients (28%). Of the 18 patients, 11 had deep venous thrombosis of a lower extremity, 5 had pulmonary emboli, and 2 had superficial thrombophlebitis. A paretic arm (P = 0.017), a paretic leg (P = 0.026), or a history of TE before the diagnosis of glioma (P = 0.076) was more common in patients with TE than in those without TE. Ten patients in the group without TE were using aspirin preoperatively in comparison with no patient in the TE group (P = 0.05). No significant differences were noted in duration of survival (median, 39.4 weeks and 46 weeks for the TE and non-TE groups, respectively). One patient with apparently excessive anticoagulation had a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSION This study suggests that TE in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma might be associated with a history of TE or with a paretic extremity; however, no evidence of worse survival was noted in the TE group. Treatment with heparin followed by warfarin sodium was associated with infrequent bleeding complications. An intriguing finding was that the use of aspirin before operation was associated with a decreased risk of TE. Thus, a prospective study with use of aspirin in patients with high-grade glioma at risk for TE would be reasonable.